Mean (& Distribution)
Mean without distribution tells us nothing…
Standard deviation: how much variation there is within the data
Low standard deviation- data is clustered closer together
Mean is only representative with normal distribution
Skewed distribution: extreme scores without counterbalance
Scores: 55, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 66, 66, 310
Mean = 82.45, standard deviation = 75.57
Example 10.2.1 gives you equations to see what the upper and lower distributions should be (2 standard deviations from the mean)
If data is skewed, the median and mode might be better descriptors of central tendency
Percentages
Are percentages reported with underlying number of cases?
“Since the end of the Cold War, interest in Russian language studies has decreased dramatically. For instance, at Zaneville Language Institute, the number of students majoring in Russian has decreased by 50% from a decade earlier.”
(n = 4 in 2002, n = 2 in 2012)
Statistical significance (large or small?)
Statistical significance can be large or small.
Large samples can show very small statistical significance
Does the author point out the size of the difference?
Although the difference between the means of the experimental group (M = 24.55) and control group (M = 23.65) was statistically significant (t = 2.075, p < .05), the small size of the difference, in absolute terms, suggests that the effects of the experimental treatment were weak.
Results Section
Written in an essay format (not just statistics)
Usually written in essay format with statistics to support their claims
Researcher refers to the hypotheses, purpose, and original question
The results should tie back to the introduction
If there are multiple research questions/hypotheses, is the reader reminded of these in the results section
Tables
Some results are presented better on a table rather than paragraph form.
Researcher should present highlights of the table in the narrative
Instead of this:
We want this:
+
Participation
Ekkekakis, 2008
T-test, ANOVA, MANOVA, ANCOVA, MANCOVA
Assumptions
Type I error, Type II error
Family-wise error (Bonferroni correction)
Degrees of freedom
Effect size
In groups:
Greene, 2018
For next class (Oct 14)…
Read Chapters 11 & 12
Read Articles for in-class activity
Presentations (Intro & Methods) 11-20
Final Projects idea due via Canvas!
PRESENTATIONS
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